A polymorphic minisatellite region of BORIS regulates gene expression and its rare variants correlate with lung cancer susceptibility

Aberrant expression of BORIS/CTCFL (Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites/CTCF-like protein) is reported in different malignancies. In this study, we characterized the entire promoter region of BORIS/CTCFL, including the CpG islands, to assess the relationship between BORIS expression and lung cancer. To simplify the construction of luciferase reporter cassettes with various-sized portions of the upstream region, genomic copies of BORIS were isolated using TAR cloning technology. We analyzed three promoter blocks: the GATA/CCAAT box, the CpG islands and the minisatellite region BORIS-MS2. Polymorphic minisatellite sequences were isolated from genomic DNA prepared from the blood of controls and cases. Of the three promoter blocks, the GATA/CCAAT box was determined to be a critical element of the core promoter, while the CpG islands and the BORIS-MS2 minisatellite region were found to act as regulators. Interestingly, the polymorphic minisatellite region BORIS-MS2 was identified as a negative regulator that repressed the expression levels of luciferase reporter cassettes less effectively in cancer cells compared with normal cells. We also examined the association between the size of BORIS-MS2 and lung cancer in a case–control study with 590 controls and 206 lung cancer cases. Rare alleles of BORIS-MS2 were associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of lung cancer (odds ratio, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–4.08; and P=0.039). To conclude, our data provide information on the organization of the BORIS promoter region and gene regulation in normal and cancer cells. In addition, we propose that specific alleles of the BORIS-MS2 region could be used to identify the risk for lung cancer.

Gecko Proteins Exert Anti-Tumor Effect against Cervical Cancer Cells Via PI3-Kinase/Akt Pathway

Anti-tumor activity of the proteins from Gecko (GP) on cervical cancer cells, and its signaling mechanisms were assessed by viable cell counting, propidium iodide (PI) staining, and Western blot analysis. GP induced the cell death of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner while it did not affect the viability of normal cells. Western blot analysis showed that GP decreased the activation of Akt, and co-administration of GP and Akt inhibitors synergistically exerted anti-tumor activities on HeLa cells, suggesting the involvement of PI3-kinase/Akt pathway in GP-induced cell death of the cancer cells. Indeed, the cytotoxic effect of GP against HeLa cells was inhibited by overexpression of constituvely active form of Akt in HeLa cells. The candidates of the functional proteins in GP were analyzed by Mass-spectrum. Taken together, our results suggest that GP elicits anti-tumor activity against HeLa cells by inhibition of PI3-kinase/Akt pathway.

Expression of Gpnmb in NK Cell Development from Hematopoietic Stem Cells

BACKGROUND: Molecular mechanisms of natural killer (NK) cell development from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have not been clearly elucidated, although the roles of some genes in NK cell development have been reported previously. Thus, searching for molecules and genes related NK cell developmental stage is important to understand the molecular events of NK cell development. METHODS: From our previous SAGE data-base, Gpnmb (Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein B) was selected for further analysis. We confirmed the level of mRNA and protein of Gpnmb through RT-PCR, quantitative PCR, and FACS analysis. Then we performed cell-based ELISA and FACS analysis, to know whether there are some molecules which can bind to Gpnmb. Using neutralizing antibody, we blocked the interaction between NK cells and OP9 cells, and checked IFN-gamma production by ELISA kit. RESULTS: Gpnmb expression was elevated during in vitro developmental stage and bound to OP9 cells, but not to NK precursor cells. In addition, we confirmed that the levels of Gpnmb were increased at NK precursor stage in vivo. We confirmed syndecan4 as a candidate of Gpnmb's binding molecule. When the interaction between NK cells and OP9 cells were inhibited in vitro, IFN-gamma production from NK cells were reduced. CONCLUSION: Based on these observations, it is concluded that Gpnmb has a potential role in NK cell development from HSCs.

Altered Expression of Parvalbumin in Neural Retina of the Insulin-dependent Diabetic Rat / 대한해부학회지

Calcium-binding proteins in the nervous system are functioned in Ca2+ buffering and Ca2+ transport and regulation of various enzyme systems. They potentially have a number of different effects on cells includingaltering the duration of action potentials, promoting neuronal bursting activity and protecting cells against the damaging effects of excessive calcium influx. The present study has been designed to clarify the differential responding patterns of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the rat retina following diabetic injury, for better understandings of role of parvalbumin in the retinal circuitry and in calcium homeostasis. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin in a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight. Diabetic rats showing high blood glucose levels (above 300 mg/dL) were cared for 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks, respectively. The retinas at each time point were processed for immunohistochemistry and Western blotting using antiparvalbumin antibody. In the rat retina at normal, parvalbumin immunoreactivity appeared in AII amacrine cells, amacrine cells of a widefield type and displaced amacrine cells. A few bipolar cells are also showed the reactivity. During diabetes, the intensity of parvalbumin immunoreactivity is decreased especially in the AII amacrine cells. The cell number of parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons has showed no large changes throughout the diabetes, except that of bipolar cells. That population of parv immunoreactive of bipolar cells has increased remarkably at later diabetic periods. The protein levels of parvalbumin have showed transiently a slight increase at earlier diabetic periods, and then decreased to lower than that of normal. Parvalbumin immunoreactive bipolar cells at diabetes are co-localized not with PKC-alpha or recoverin, but with glutamate transporter Glt-1b. AII amacrine cell processes were joined with each other and with axon terminals of presumed cone bipolar cells by gap junction. These results suggest that the calcium buffering activity of parvalbumin is shifted from AII amacrine cells to a certain type of cone bipolar cells, in response to diabetes. This event may be occurred through electrically coupled gap junction in between these cell processes.

Expression of Substance P in the Experimental Diabetic Rat Retina / 대한해부학회지

Substance P (Sub P) being composed of 11 amino acids sequence is a kind of tachykinin family peptides. It has been known that this substance plays a role of neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator and is a very potent vascular growth factor in the nervous system. This study has been investigated expression pattern of Sub P in the rat retina at normal and alteration of Sub P expression following diabetic injury using immunohistochemistry. Diabetic condition was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin in Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8 weeks. The animals showing high blood glucose levels (above 300 mg/dL) were cared for 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. The whole-mounted or sectional preparations of the retinas were used for Sub P immunohistochemistry. Sub P immunoreactivity has been localized in subsets of amacrine cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and displaced amacrine cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) in the normal retina. The dendrites from amacrine cells in the INL were ramified with strata 1 and 3, and those from displaced amacrine cells in the GCL with strata 5 of the inner plexiform layer. Sub P immunoreactive neurons in both the INL and the GCL were more densely populated in the superior half of the retina. During diabetes, the cell number of Sub P immunoreactive neurons was decreased to one third of the normal value at 4 weeks of diabetes and then slightly increased to half of the normal value at 12 weeks of diabetes. In addition, Sub P mRNA levels were reduced at 4 weeks but reincreased at 12 weeks. These results suggest that Sub P in the rat retina at normal state may function differentially in the superior or the inferior halves and Sub P synthetic pathway in the retinal neurons maybe irradiated in earlier stages of diabetic retinopathy.

Leukotriene B4 pathway regulates the fate of the hematopoietic stem cells

Leukotriene B4(LTB4), derived from arachidonic acid, is a potent chemotactic agent and activating factor for hematopoietic cells. In addition to host defense in vivo, several eicosanoids have been reported to be involved in stem cell differentiation or proliferation. In this study, we investigated the effect of LTB4 on human cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). LTB4 was shown to induce proliferation of HSC and exert anti-apoptotic effect on the stem cells. Blockade of interaction between LTB4 and its receptor enhanced self-renewal of the stem cells. Effect of LTB4 on differentiation of CD34+ HSCs were confirmed by clonogenic assays, and induction of the expression of BLT2 (the low- affinity LTB4 receptor), during the ex vivo expansion was confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR. Our results suggest that LTB4-BLT2 interaction is involved in the cytokine-induced differentiation and ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem cells.

Maturation of the Neurokinin 1 (NK1) Receptor Immunoreactive Amacrine Cells in the Rat Retina during Postnatal Development / 대한해부학회지

We examined the morphological maturation of amacrine cells expressing neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor, whose ligand is substance P, in the rat retina, focusing on the period from postnatal day 5 (P5) when the outer plexiform layer is formed, to postnatal day 13 (P13) when the eyes open, with immunohistochemistry using a specific antiserum against NK1 receptor, and we compared maturing NK1 receptor-immunoreactive (NK1 receptor-IR) amacrine cells with adult one. In the adult retina, numerous NK1 receptor-IR amacrine cells were located in the inner part of the inner nuclear layer (INL) adjacent to the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and their processes emerging from the somata branched and stratified at 1, 2, and 5 strata of within the IPL. NK1 receptor-IR amacrine cells were already observed at P5. The cell bodies were located in the inner INL away from the IPL and their processes branched and formed two distinct bands in the IPL. Afterwards, somata of NK1 receptor-IR amacrine cells moved toward the inner part of the INL, and thus, were located in the INL adjacent to the IPL. Their processes formed three distinct bands at P10 and then, at P13, three bands occupied the same strata as those of the adult, which were posed at 1, 2, and 5 strata of the IPL. During the postnatal development, most of NK1 receptor-IR amacrine cells directly extended one or a few primary dendrites toward the IPL and formed the strata. However, some of the labeled cells located at the outermost row had horizontal processes emerging from their primary dendrites, and these horizontal processes branched and formed plexuses in the INL. The NK1 receptor-IR amacrine cells with horizontal processes were frequently observed at P7, rarely at P10, and not at P13 and in the adult. These results indicate that the NK1 receptor-IR amacrine cells of the rat retina morphologically mature by way of migration of their somata within the INL and formation of distinct processes during postnatal development, and suggest that they morphologically and functionally complete the maturation process about the time of P13.

Immunocytochemical Localization of GABA Transporter-3 in the Guinea Pig Retina / 대한해부학회지

The cellular localization of the GABA transporter-3 (GAT-3) was examined in the guinea pig retina by immunocytochemistry, using antisera against GAT-3. GAT-3 immunoreactivity was localized to cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer, and labeled processes were densely distributed in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) close to the ganglion cell layer. All GAT-3 labeled cells exhibited GAD65 immunoreactivity. In addition, 67% of GAT-3 labeled amacrine cells showed carbohydrate epitope CD15 immunoreactivity. These results indicate that GAT-3 is involved in modulating the rod pathway in the IPL of the guinea pig retina via presumptive A17 amacrine cells.

Altered Expression of GLAST and Glutamine Synthetase in the Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rat Retina / 대한해부학회지

Diabetic hyperglycemia induces transient ischemia in the neural retina. High level of extracellular glutamate resulting from ischemia, in turn, influences on glutamate homeostasis. The present study has been conducted to clarify the alteration of the glutamate homeostasis-associated substances in the retinal Muller cells in response to a diabetic injury by streptozotocin injection. Young adult Sprague -Dawley rats were injected with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight in 0.05 M sodium citrate buffer, pH 5.5) under anesthesia with 4% chloral hydrate. Animals above 300 mg/dl in blood glucose level were cared for 1, 4, 12 and 24 weeks, respectively. At each time-point, the retinas were dissected out and processed for immuno-histochemical and immunoblotting analyses by using guinea pig anti -GLAST and mouse anti-glutamine synthetase (GS) antibodies. In the normal retina, GLAST and GS were immuno-localized in the Muller cells, the outer plexiform layer (OPL), the border between the inner nuclear layer and the inner plexiform layer (IPL), a band in the middle of the IPL, and the border between the IPL and the ganglion cell layer. The expression of both proteins was decreased remarkably in the OPL by 12 weeks of diabetes and increased slightly in the end feet of the Muller cells from 4 weeks onwards. Immunoblotting results of the two proteins in the diabetic retinas were largely consistent with those of immuno-histochemistry. These results suggest that the alteration of glutamate homeostasis in the diabetic state is initiated mainly in the OPL by decreasing the uptake of glutamate via down-regulated GLAST.

Developmental Expression of eNOS in the Rat Renal Vasculature / 대한해부학회지

Nitric oxide (NO) has an important role in maintaining basal renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the developing kidney. However, renal endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) has not been localized in the developing kidney. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression and localization of eNOS in the developing rat kidney using immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Kidneys from 14 (E14)-, 16 (E16)-, 18 (E18)- and 20-day-old (E20) fetuses, 1 (P1)-, 4 (P4)-, 7 (P7)-, 14 (P14)- and 21-day-old (P21) pups, and adult rats were extracted for immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis. In the adult rat kidney, eNOS was expressed strongly in the endothelial cells of the arcuate artery and the vascular bundle in the medulla. Endothelial cells of the glomerulus and peritubular capillary network were weakly labeled for eNOS. There was no eNOS immunoreactivity in the uriniferous tubules, including the proximal tubules. In the developing rat kidney, eNOS appeared in the endothelial cells of the capillary network from E14. In the developing glomerular capillary, immunoreactivity for eNOS was observed in the S-shaped bodies (stage II glomeruli) and stage III glomeruli, whereas mature glomeruli (stage IV glomeruli) were faintly immunolabeled for eNOS. These eNOS-positive early-stage developing glomeruli were observed in the nephrogenic zone until seven days after birth. In the endothelial cells of the peritubular capillary network, eNOS was strongly expressed in the fetus and gradually decreased in intensity after birth. The endothelial cells of the arcuate artery were strongly immunoreactive for eNOS from E16 to the adult stages. In the renal medulla, eNOS was expressed in the endothelial cells of the capillary network surrounding the developing medullary collecting ducts of the fetal kidney. After birth, eNOS immunoreactivity gradually disappeared from the vasculature of the renal medulla and only remained in the vasa recta. In conclusion, the strong expression of eNOS in the early stages of the developing vasculature suggests that eNOS may contribute to angiogenesis and/or critically participate in the hemodynamics of the immature kidney.

Developmental Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor in Rat Kidney / 대한해부학회지

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is well known to be one of regulating factor in proliferation. The aims of the present study were to elucidate the expression time and localization of expression of EGF in developing rat (Sprague-Dawley) kidney. Kidneys of 16-, 18- and 20-day-old fetuses, 1-, 3-. 7-, 14-, and 21-day-old pups and adult (3months) were preserved for light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. In adult rat kidney, EGF immunoreactivity was well localized in thick ascending limb and distal convoluted tubule. In developing rat kidney, EGF-positive cells appeared first in cortical thick ascending limbs and distal convoluted tubules of juxtamedullary nephrons at 3 days and 7 days after birth respectively, in cortical thick ascending limbs and distal convoluted tubules of cortical nephrons at 14 days after birth, and in medullary thick ascending at 21 days after birth. These findings suggest that renal EGF synthesized and secreted from distal tubule may possibly accelerate not proliferation but differentiation of the renal tubular epithelium at least in neonatal rat kidney.

Immunohistochemical Localization of Phospholipase D1 in Developing Rat Forebrain / 대한해부학회지

Phospholipase D (PLD), one of the intracellular signal transduction enzymes, may play an important role in developing brain. However, the developmental regulation of PLD protein has not been determined. In the present study, we investigated the temporal and spatial expression of PLD isozyme, PLD1 in the developing rat forebrain using an affinity-purified peptide antibody against PLD1. Our data showed that immunoreactivity for PLD1 was first seen in the germinal zone of the lateral ventricle, differentiating neurons and their processes at embryonic day 18 (E18). At E20, clusters of immunoreactive cells were observed in the medial germinal zone of the lateral ventricle, restricted zones of the frontal and parietal cortex, the nuclei of the medial septum and the diagonal band. During the first postnatal week, there was an increase in the number and staining intensity of the immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex, which peaked at postnatal day 7 (P7). During the second postnatal week, there was an abrupt decrease in the number of immunoreactive cortical pyramidal neurons. By P14, only a few of the pyramidal neurons in cerebral cortex layer V were immunoreactive. These results revealed that expression of PLD1 protein at various stages of development of the septum and cerebral cortex is differentially regulated. This suggests that PLD1 may regulate the developmental processes of some neuronal populations.

Expression of Osteopontin in the Adult and Developing Rat Kidney / 대한해부학회지

Osteopontin (OPN), originally considered to be a bone protein, is now reported to be expressed in other tissues, notably in kidney. OPN has been demonstrated in the kidney by Northern and Western analyses, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. However, studies of the cellular distribution of OPN in the kidney, especially in normal condition, have given highly conflicting results. This study is designed to establish the expression of OPN in kidney from the fetus to adult. Kidneys from 16-(F16), 18-(F18), and 20 day-old (F20) fetuses and 1-(P1), 3-(P3), 7-(P7), 14-(P14), 21 day-old pups, and adult were studied by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. OPN mRNA and protein were expressed in the thick ascending limb (TAL) at F18 and F20, but disappeared gradually after birth. In the collection duct (CD), weak labeling appeared in a few cells at F20. After birth cells with strong labeling were scattered throughout the CD in the medulla and inner cortex at P1-P7 and in the outer cortex at P14. There was little OPN expression in the CD at P21. OPN mRNA and immunoreactivity appeared in the papillary surface epithelium (PSE) at F20 and in the descending thin limb (DTL) at P1. After birth OPN expression gradually increased to adult levels in the PSE. In the DTL, adult levels of expression were reached at P21. Proximal tubules exhibited a punctate subapical OPN immunos-taining from F18, but no hybridization signal. During renal development, the transient expression of OPN in the TAL and CD suggests that OPN may have a role in the developing kidney, and from P21 OPN expression was localized at DTL and PSE exclusively, which was similar to adult OPN expression pattern.

Differential Expression of GABA Transporters in Developing Rat Retina / 대한해부학회지

To investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporters in the developing rat retina, we localized two GABA transporter proteins, GAT-1 and GAT-3 by immunocytochemistry. GAT-1 immunoreactivity appeared from embryonic day 20 (E20) in the punctate-like structures in the inner plexiform layer. At postnatal day 3 (P3), immunolabeling of cell bodies in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers and processes in the inner plexiform layer became much stronger, reaching a maximum staining intensity during the second postnatal week, and the expression pattern and intensity became almost identical to those of the adult retina by P14. In addition, Miller cells also began to show weak immunlabeling for GAT-1 from P10 onward. In contrast, develop-mentally transient immunolabeling for GAT-1 was found in horizontal cells located at the scleral border of the inner nuclear layer during the second postnatal week. The initial immunolabeling for GAT-3 immunoreactivity was already noted in scattered cell bodies and processes of the neuroblastic layer at E18, the earliest time point. During the first week of the postnatal life, GAT-3 immunoreactivity increased in the cell bodies in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers, and processes in the inner plexiform layer. From P10 onward, this labeling began to decline, and remained faintly in the neuronal somata of the inner nuclear layer by P14. Instead, the labeling was predominantly localized in Mler cells. Astrocytes in the nerve fiber layer showed the transient labeling during the first postnatal week. Our results showed distinct temporal patterns of two GABA transporter proteins in the developing rat retina, and it suggests specialized roles for GABA transporters in the development of the rat retina.

Effect of acute respiratory acidosis and alkalosis on the subtypes of intercalated cells in rat kidney / 대한해부학회지

Intercalated cells play a major role in proton and bicarbonate secretion in the collecting duct of kidney. A third type of intercalated cell (non A-non B cell), besides type A and B intercalated cells, and a bipolar cell are known to exist in the kidneys of the rat or the mouse. The third type cell has H(+)-ATPase in the apical membrane like the type A intercalated cell, but has no Cl(-)-HCO(3)- exchanger (AE1) on the basolateral membrane. The bipolar cell was shown to express H(+)-ATPase on both the apical and basolateral membranes. The functions of these cells, however, are not determined yet. This study was intended to know the immunohistochemical changes of the intercalated cell subtypes in the acute respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. After midline tracheostomy, respiratory acidosis and alkalosis were induced and maintained for 4 hours in the Sprague-Dawley rats (450~500 g) using a Rodent Ventilator. The kidneys were preserved for immunohistochemical studies by in vivo perfusion fixation with periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde solution through the abdominal aorta. To identify the subtypes of intercalated cells and the tubule segments in which they are located, a triple immunolabeling procedure was used. Distal convoluted tubule cells and principal cells in the collecting duct were identified using antibody to thiazide sensitive Na(+)Cl(-) cotransporter and antibody to aquaporin-2, respectively. Antibodies to H(+)-ATPase and AE1 were used to identify subpopulation of intercalated cells. Type A cells were activated in respiratory acidosis with enhanced AE1 activity on the basolateral membrane and H(+)-ATPase reactivity moved to the apical membrane, whereas inactivated in respiratory alkalosis with decreased AE1 reactivity and H(+)-ATPase reactivity moved to the supranuclear cytoplasm. The change in reactivity of type A cells in respiratory acidosis or alkalosis was shown to differ depending on the tubular segments: most of the intercalated cells were activated in the outer medullary collecting duct while only a portion of the type A cells activated in the distal convoluted tubule, connecting tubule and cortical collecting duct. No changes were observed in type B cells in respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. In non A-non B cell which was increased in size in respiratory acidosis, H(+)-ATPase reactivity was seen on the apical membrane in respiratory acidosis, while seen in the supranuclear cytoplasm in respiratory alkalosis. These findings indicated that the renal compensation for respiratory acid-base imbalance was mediated mainly by type A cells rather than by type B or non A-non B cells. Among type A cells, more of those of outer medullary collec-ting duct were thought to be recruited compared with those of the cortical collecting duct and connecting tubule.

Differentiation of Recoverin Immunoreactive Cone Bipolar Cells and Their Timing of Synaptic Formation with GABAergic Amacrine Cells in the Rat Retina / 대한해부학회지

Recoverin is a member of the large family of EF-hand calcium binding proteins (Baimbridge et al., 1992), and it is thought to be involved in the regulation of phosphodiesterase in photoreceptors and in the phosphorylation of activated rhodopsin (Polans et al., 1996). Although the functional significance of recoverin in cone bipolar cells is not fully understood, the antiserum against recoverin has been widely used to identify a certain population of cone bipolar cells (Milam et al., 1993; Sasso's Pognetto et al., 1994; Euler & W sle, 1995). GABA is well known to act as major neurotransmitters in the mammalian central nervous system including retina. This study was conducted to identify the development process of recoverin-labeled cone bipolar cells, and the timing points of synaptic formation of the labeled bipolar cells and GABAergic amacrine cells in the rat retina. The results were as follows; In the adult rat retina, recoverin-labeled cone bipolar cells were subdivided into twotypes; type 2 cells with axon terminal stratified in sublamina a of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), and type 8 cells with axon terminals stratified in sublamina b of the IPL. Recoverin-labeled cone bipolar cells began to appear from postnatal day 5. The axon terminals of recoverin-labeled type 2 cone bipolar cells stratified at postnatal day 10, while those of type 8 cone bipolar cells stratified at postnatal day 13. The axon terminals of type 2 cone bipolar cells made ribbon synapses onto GABAergic amacrine cells in the IPL at postnatal day 10. These results demonstrate that recoverin-labeled type 2 cone bipolar cells differentiate earlier than recoverin-labeled type 8 cone bipolar cells, and suggest that GABAergic amacrine cells may play important roles in visual processing of recoverin-labeled type 2 cone bipolar cells by making synapse onto these cells at early stage. Synapses between type 2 cone bipolar cells and GABAergic amacrine cells are formed about the time of postnatal day 10 for visual processing.

Synaptic Diversity in the Neostriatum of the Cat / 대한해부학회지

An attempt has been made to discriminate synaptic diversity in the neostriatum of the cat with emphasis on the characteristic structures of axon terminals and postsynaptic profiles. The differentiation of the axon terminals was based on the size and shape of synaptic vesicles in the axoplasm. Three types of axon terminals could be differentiated: Type I, the terminals contained small round (45 nm in diameter) vesicles; type II, the terminals with large pleomorphic (50 nm) vesicles; and type III, the terminals contained flattened (45 x 25 nm) vesicles. The type I terminals were making asymmetrical or symmetrical synapses in contact with the somata, dendrites and dendritic spines of neurons in the neostriatum, and a few type I terminals making asymmetrical or symmetrical contact with axons were also observed. The type II and III terminals were making symmetrical contact with the somata and dendrites of neostriatal neurons. A few type II terminals formed at the node of Ranvier of myelinated nerve fibers were making symmetrical contact with large dendrites. Additionally, dendro-dendritic and serial syanpses were rarely found in the neostriatum. In the serial synapses composed of axo-dendritic and dendro-dendritic synapses, the type I terminals making asymmetrical contact and the type II making symmetrical contact were identified.

Totpgraphic distribution. ultrastructure and synaptic organization of dopaminergic neurons in the retinae of rodents: I. topographic distribution / 대한해부학회지

No abstract available.

Double label immunocytochemistry for dopaminergic and parvalbuminergic neurons using diaminobenzidine and benzidine dihydrochloride in the rat substantia nigra / 대한해부학회지

No abstract available.

Topographic distribution, ultrastructure and synaptic organization of dopaminergic neurons in the retina of redents II. ultrastructure and synaptic organization / 대한해부학회지

No abstract available.